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篇文章在陈述观点的时候,往往会从不同的角度来说明。因此,熟悉文章的结构对理解文章和定义信息十分重要。常见的篇章结构主要有以下几种:
对比
分类
原因/结果
问题/解决方法
在了解篇章结构的特点之后,解题时就比较容易跟随文章内在的逻辑去思考,从而更深刻地理解文章。
下面将以对比的文章为例,详细阐述托福阅读文章的文体特点:
Opportunists and petitors
Paragraph 1
Growth; reproduction; and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy。 The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting; just as finances are budgeted。 If all of one’s money is spent on clothes; there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies。 Similarly; a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction; for this is the surest way to extinction。
All organisms; therefore; allocate energy to growth; reproduction; maintenance; and storage。 No choice is involved; this allocation es as part of the genetic package from the parents。 Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant。 Storage is important; but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance; reproduction; or growth。 Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction。
前两段介绍不同植物在能量分配方面都存在着差异。从第二段最后一句可以看到:由于所有的植物都要维持生命,所以在生长和繁殖两方面分配能量的差别可以用于区分植物。这为下文做了铺垫,引出将植物进行对比的分类依据。
Paragraph 2
Almost all of an organism’s energy can be diverted to reproduction; with very little allocated to building the body。 Organisms at this extreme are“opportunists。”At the other extreme are“petitors;”almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body; with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction。
作者在本段介绍了将植物分成opportunist和petitor的依据——将大部分能量用于繁殖的植物是“投机者”,而将大部分能量用于生长的则是“竞争者”。而在接下来的段落中,将会对比两种植物的不同。
Paragraph 3~5
Dandelions are good examples of
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